Mental Health Distress and Delayed Contraception Among Older Adolescents and Young Adults.

Background: Symptoms of mental distress increased sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic, especially among older adolescents and young adults. Mental health distress may make it more challenging for young people to seek other needed health care, including contraception. This study explored the association of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress with delays in getting a contraceptive method or prescription. Materials and Methods: Data from a supplementary study (May 15, 2020-March 20, 2023) to a cluster randomized trial in 29 sites in Texas and California were used. The diverse study sample included community college students assigned female at birth of ages 18-29 years (n = 1,665 with 7,023 observations over time). We measured the association of depression (CES-D [Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale]) or anxiety and stress (DASS-21 [Depression Anxiety Stress Scales]) symptoms with delayed contraceptive care-seeking with mixed-effects multivariable regression with random effects for individual and site. We controlled for age and sociodemographic factors important for access to care. Results: Over one-third of participants (35%) reported they delayed getting the contraceptive method they needed. Multivariable regression results showed increased odds of delayed contraceptive care among participants with symptoms of depression (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27-1.96). Likewise, delays were associated with anxiety and stress symptoms (aOR 1.46, 95% CI 1.17-1.82). Adolescents were more likely to delay seeking contraception than young adults (aOR 1.32, 95% CI 1.07-1.63). Conclusions: Results showed a strong association between mental distress and delayed contraception. Interventions are needed to increase contraceptive access for young people delaying care, along with supportive mental health care services, including for adolescents who face elevated odds of delay. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03519685.

Individual changes in abortion knowledge and attitudes.

RATIONALE: Policymakers need to know the abortion attitudes of those they represent. In addition, inaccurate knowledge of or negative attitudes toward abortion may lead to more abortion stigma, which may adversely affect abortion access and women's health. OBJECTIVE: The first objective was to examine whether individual's abortion knowledge and attitudes changed during 2016-2020 in Delaware and Maryland. The second was to explore whether personally knowing someone who had an abortion in 2020 was associated with knowledge, attitudes, and changes in them from 2016 to 2020. METHODS: Data were from the Delaware [Maryland] Survey of Women, a probability sample that was self-administered via web and mail (N = 1106). Women aged 18-44 from Delaware and Maryland were followed from 2016/2017 to 2019/2020. Outcomes were each two facets of abortion knowledge (perceived safety and perceived access) and abortion attitudes (acceptability and advocacy self-identification), and changes in these outcomes. The main predictor was whether women personally knew someone who had an abortion. Covariates included state, religiosity, pregnancy history, and sociodemographic factors. We used logistic models with inverse probability weights. RESULTS: The percentage of respondents who changed between the first and third waves varied: 46% changed their views on safety and accessibility; 21% changed their views on acceptability; and 25% changed their advocacy self-identification. Knowing someone personally who had an abortion was associated with changing toward viewing abortion as very safe and towards pro-choice, and with not changing towards viewing abortion as wrong or identifying as pro-life. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest abortion knowledge and attitudes are not fixed but change over time, and knowing someone who had an abortion or having an abortion oneself was associated with changing toward positive attitudes and accurate knowledge. Sharing one's abortion experience with others one knows may reduce negative attitudes and inaccurate knowledge regarding abortion.

The association between pregnancy intention, fertility treatment use, and postpartum depression.

RATIONALE: Understanding whether postpartum depressive (PPD) symptoms vary by pregnancy intention and use of fertility treatments has implications for reproductive health policies and practices. OBJECTIVE: The first aim of this study was to determine whether PPD symptoms differ between women who had unintended pregnancies, women who conceived spontaneously and were unsure about their pregnancy intention, women who used fertility treatments to conceive, and women who conceived spontaneously and intentionally. The second aim was to determine whether PPD symptoms differed based on the fertility treatment used to conceive (fertility drugs only, medicated insemination, or assisted reproductive technology [ART]). METHODS: Data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (2012-2019), a cross-sectional survey administered to women throughout the U.S. who have recently given birth, was used to carry out our aims. RESULTS: For the first aim (unweighted N = 243,677), compared to women who had spontaneous, intended pregnancies, women who had unintended pregnancies (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.26-1.39, p < 0.01) and those with spontaneous pregnancies who were unsure about their intention (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23-1.38, p < 0.01) had higher odds of elevated PPD symptoms, adjusting for a range of covariates. Women who conceived with fertility treatments did not have higher odds of elevated PPD symptoms (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.84-1.10, p = 0.61). For the second aim (unweighted N = 2,210), compared to those in the ART group, those who conceived using only fertility enhancing drugs had greater odds of developing elevated PPD symptoms (OR: 2.00, 95% CI: 1.24-3.24, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that giving birth to an unintended pregnancy in the U.S. increases risk of elevated PPD symptoms. While overall women who conceive with the use of fertility treatments are not at increased risk of experiencing elevated PPD symptoms, there may be variability in risk based on the specific fertility treatments used.

Spousal Violence and Contraceptive Use among Married Afghan Women in a Nationally Representative Sample.

OBJECTIVE: Afghanistan is one of the countries with the highest prevalence of spousal violence (56%) and a low prevalence of contraceptive use (23%), yet there is no study assessing how spousal violence is related to contraceptive use, and what methods are most used by women. Therefore, this study examined the association between the number of types of spousal violence and contraceptive use. METHOD: Using data from 18,985 Afghan married women, aged 15 to 49, who responded to the 2015 Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey, the current contraceptive method was grouped into five categories: male-involved methods, pills, injectables, long-acting reversible contraception, female sterilization, and Lactation Amenorrhea Method. The number of types of spousal violence in the past 12 months was categorized as none, one type, or two or more types, based on women's experiences with verbal, physical, and sexual violence. For analysis, binary and multinomial logistic regression were used. RESULTS: After adjusting for the covariates, the experience of any spousal violence was associated with contraception use (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.64-2.27, p = 0.0001). Among those using contraception, experiencing two or three types of spousal violence was associated with using pills (adjusted risk ratio (aRRR) = 2.12, 95% CI: 1.63-2.77, p = 0.0001), injections (aRRR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.26-2.41, p = 0.001), and LAM (aRRR = 3.27, 95% CI: 2.05-5.20, p = 0.0001), compared to male-involved methods. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study may inform policymakers and program implementers in designing interventions to address the pervasive problem of violence against women, and make pills and injectables more accessible to Afghan women, since these methods are under women's control and more often used in Afghanistan.

The association between depression and contraceptive behaviors in a diverse sample of new prescription contraception users.

OBJECTIVE: Among women initiating new prescription contraception, we investigated the relationship between recent depression and a range of contraceptive behaviors. STUDY DESIGN: We used medical and pharmacy records of 52,325 women ages 19 to 29 who initiated prescription contraception (pills, patches or rings, injectables, and long-acting reversible contraceptives) in 2014-2016 at a large integrated healthcare system in Northern California. Women had continuous enrollment for a year before and after initiating, and no records of prescription contraceptive use in the year before initiating. Depression in the year prior to initiation was dichotomized into (1) no depression indicator (reference group) or (2) depression diagnosis or redeemed antidepressant. Multinomial logistic regression models examined the associations between depression and method type initiated, and contraceptive patterns, timing of discontinuation, inconsistent use, and switching methods over a year after initiating, adjusting for sociodemographics and testing for interactions between depression and having a recent birth or abortion. RESULTS: Women with recent depression were more likely to initiate methods other than the pill, and the association was stronger for patches or rings vs pills among those with a recent birth compared to those without. Among women initiating all methods and the pill, those with depression were more likely to discontinue their method, use it inconsistently, and switch from it than use it continuously for a year. CONCLUSION: Women with recent depression were less likely to initiate the pill; and when the pill was initiated, those with depression were more likely to discontinue use, use it inconsistently, and switch from it. IMPLICATIONS: Women with recent depression indicators should be followed closely to ensure they have the support they need to meet their reproductive goals. Those who wish to avoid pregnancy may benefit from methods that do not require daily use.

Contraceptive method type and satisfaction, confidence in use, and switching intentions.

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether contraceptive method type, satisfaction with use, and confidence in correct use were independently associated with switching intentions, a precursor of switching behaviors. STUDY DESIGN: Data were from a probability-based sample survey carried out in Delaware and Maryland in 2016 and 2017 among women ages 18 to 44. Women's current contraceptive methods were classified into 5 categories: coitally-dependent methods (barrier methods, withdrawal, and natural family planning); oral contraceptive pills, patches, and rings; injections; implants; and intrauterine contraception (IUC). Satisfaction, confidence, and switching intentions were dichotomized into being very versus less satisfied, being completely versus less confident, and having very low versus not very low switching intentions. We conducted binomial logistic regression to examine whether method type, satisfaction, and confidence were independently associated with having very low switching intentions, adjusting for a range of covariates including sociodemographics, perceived health, religious attendance frequency, sexual, contraceptive, and reproductive experiences, and state of residence (Maryland or Delaware). RESULTS: Among 1,077 women using reversible contraception, those using IUC relative to implants, pills, patches, or rings, and coitally-dependent methods were more likely to have very low switching intentions. Among all survey respondents, those who were very satisfied and those who were completely confident in correct use were also more likely to report very low switching intentions. CONCLUSIONS: Using IUC, being very satisfied, and being very confident in correct use were independently associated with having very low switching intentions. IMPLICATIONS: These results suggest that those using IUC have very low intentions to switch for reasons in addition to satisfaction-level with their method. Other aspects of using IUC such as ease of use, perceived barriers to switching, or having very low switching intentions before beginning IUC may be such reasons.

Types of Lifetime Reproductive Coercion and Current Contraceptive Use.

Background: Intimate partner violence and differential power dynamics are associated with contraceptive behaviors. This study examines the role of reproductive coercion (RC) by an intimate partner in women's decisions about contraceptive use. Materials and Methods: A self-report survey was administered to a probability sample of a diverse group of women of reproductive age in Delaware's Title X health care facilities. Currently used contraceptive methods were categorized into three effectiveness levels based on typical use failure rates: no method or low effectiveness (>10% failure), moderate effectiveness (>1% and <10% failure), and high effectiveness (<1% failure). The short-form RC scale was used to categorize RC experiences: no RC, verbal only, or behavioral. We conducted multinomial logistic regression to examine the association between types of RC and effectiveness level of current contraceptive method, taking our sampling design into account and adjusting for covariates. Results: Among 240 women (weighted n = 6529) included in the sample, 13.9% reported experiencing only verbal RC, and 16.1% reported behavioral RC. Women who reported behavioral RC were more likely to currently be using highly versus moderately (adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR]: 26.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 4.59-156.0) and low effective methods (aRRR: 3.08, 95% CI: 0.97-9.82), but less likely to be using moderately (aRRR: 0.12, 95% CI: 0.02-0.77) than low effective methods. Conclusions: Using highly and low effective methods may indicate two opposing ways of managing behavioral RC experiences: controlling fertility by choosing less detectable but highly effective methods or feeling disempowered and using no or low effective partner-dependent methods.

Association Between First Depressive Episode in the Same Year as Sexual Debut and Teenage Pregnancy.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine whether the timing of depression onset relative to age at sexual debut is associated with teenage pregnancy. METHODS: Using data from 1,025 adolescent girls who reported having had sex in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement, we applied cox proportional hazards models to test whether depression onset before first sex, at the same age as first sex, or after first sex compared with no depression onset was associated with experiencing a first teenage pregnancy. We examined the unadjusted risk by depression status as well as risk adjusted for adolescents' race/ethnicity, marital status, poverty level, whether the adolescent lived in a metropolitan area, living status, age at first sex, parental education, and age of mother when the adolescent was born. RESULTS: In both unadjusted and adjusted models, we found that adolescents with depression onset at the same age as having initiated sex were at an increased risk of experiencing a teenage pregnancy (unadjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08-5.96; adjusted HR = 2.7, 95% CI: 1.15-6.34) compared with those with no depression onset. Moreover, compared with those with no depression onset, the risk of pregnancy for girls experiencing depression onset before first sex also increased but was not significant (adjusted HR = 1.5, 95% CI: .82-2.76). CONCLUSIONS: Timing of first depressive episode relative to age at first sexual intercourse plays a critical role in determining the risk of teenage pregnancy. Timely diagnosis and treatment of depression may not only help adolescents' mental well-being but may also help them prevent teenage pregnancy.

Psychosocial Factors Associated With Postpartum Contraceptive Method Use After an Unintended Birth.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether depression, intimate partner violence, and other psychosocial stressors were independently associated with effectiveness level of postpartum contraception among women who recently had an unintended birth. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from PRAMS (the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System) to identify women who had an unintended birth between 2012 and 2015. The effectiveness level of the contraceptive method was coded into one of five categories based on the postpartum contraceptive method that women were using: none, less effective (withdrawal, rhythm, condoms, or other barrier), moderately effective (pill, patch, ring, or shot), long-acting reversible contraception (LARC; intrauterine devices or implants), and sterilization (female or male sterilization). Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine whether prepregnancy depression or elevated postpartum depressive symptoms, intimate partner violence before or during pregnancy, and number of psychosocial stressors before birth were associated with effectiveness level of method (compared with no method), in models adjusted for sociodemographics, pregnancy context, and postpartum context. RESULTS: Complete data were available for 56,445 (88.2%) of the 64,030 eligible women: 24.2% experienced depression; 5.3% experienced intimate partner violence; and 16.8% experienced five or more psychosocial stressors around the time of pregnancy or birth. In adjusted models, experiencing intimate partner violence and more stressors lowered women's relative risk of using sterilization, LARC, moderately effective methods, and less-effective contraceptive methods relative to no method use. Only prepregnancy depression was associated with using sterilization compared with no method use. CONCLUSIONS: Experiencing intimate partner violence and having more psychosocial stressors were each independently associated with not using a postpartum contraceptive method. Standardized screening for psychosocial factors during prenatal and postpartum care should be integrated, and practices that encourage the discussion of patients' psychosocial experiences and postpartum contraception use together are warranted.

Decision rightness and relief predominate over the years following an abortion.

A recent analysis from the Turnaway study focused on women who were just under the gestational limit of a clinic and received an abortion and those who had first trimester abortions to examine trends in decisional rightness and negative and positive emotions over 5 years after the abortion. Specifically, Rocca et al. (in press) analyzed these data and found that women were overwhemingly sure of their decision: 95% felt their decision was the right one at each assessment after their abortion, and the predicted probability of abortion being the right decision was 99% at 5 years afterwards. Relief was the most common emotion felt by women, and negative emotions or decision regret did not emerge over time. These results and others from studies conducted globally counter assertions by abortion opponents that women are not certain of their decisions, or that women regret or have mainly negative emotions about their abortions if not in the short run then after a long period of time. This commentary addresses not only these findings but also relevant U.S. abortion policies based on these unsubstantiated claims. Policies should not be based on the notions that women are unsure of their decision, come to regret, it or have negative emotions because there is no evidence to support these claims.

Intimate Partner Violence and Effectiveness Level of Contraceptive Selection Post-Abortion.

Background: We examined whether experiencing more types of lifetime intimate partner violence (IPV) was independently associated with the effectiveness level of the contraceptive method women chose following an abortion. Materials and Methods: Using data on 245 women who were attending an urban hospital abortion clinic, we assessed whether women had ever experienced emotional, physical, or sexual IPV. Effectiveness of women's post-abortion contraceptive method selection was categorized into high (intrauterine device [IUD] and implant), moderate (pill, patch, ring, and shot), and low (condoms, emergency contraception, and none) effectiveness. Using multinomial logistic regression, we examined the relationship between number of types of IPV experienced and post-abortion contraceptive method effectiveness, adjusting for sociodemographics, prior abortion, having children, abortion trimester, importance of avoiding pregnancy in the next year, pre-abortion psychological distress, and effectiveness level of the contraceptive method women were planning to use before contraceptive counseling. Results: Twenty-seven percent (27%) of women experienced two or three types of IPV, 35% experienced one IPV type, and 38% experienced no IPV. Compared to women with no histories of IPV, women who experienced two or more types of IPV during their lifetimes were more likely to choose contraceptive methods with moderate effectiveness (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13-24.23, p = 0.035) and high effectiveness (AOR = 5.01, 95% CI: 1.12-22.39, p = 0.035) than those with low effectiveness. Conclusion: Women who experienced two or more types of lifetime IPV selected more effective contraceptive methods post-abortion. Access to contraceptives that are not partner dependent, including long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARC), may be particularly important for women who have experienced multiple types of IPV.

The association between first abortion and first-time non-fatal suicide attempt: a longitudinal cohort study of Danish population registries.

BACKGROUND: Suicidal ideation due to abortion has been used to justify restrictive US abortion policies. Much research examining abortion and mental health has relied on self-report, has had low participation rates, and did not consider confounding factors. In the present study, we used data that do not rely on self-report and are not affected by low participation rates to examine the association between abortion and non-fatal suicide attempts, adjusting for confounding factors. METHODS: In this longitudinal cohort study of Danish population registries, we linked data on a cohort of women born in Denmark between Jan 1, 1980, and Dec 30, 1998, who did not die or emigrate from Denmark before their 18th birthday or before study entry. Follow-up started on the woman's 18th birthday or Jan 1, 2000, whichever came last. Follow-up ended at the date of first suicide attempt, date of emigration from Denmark, date of death, or Dec 31, 2016, whichever came first. Women were between the ages of 18 and 36 years during the study period. We used a survival analysis to examine the risk of first suicide attempts or self-harm associated with a first abortion compared with no abortion, in the complete study cohort. To examine incidence rate ratios (IRRs) associated with abortion, we used Poisson regression with the logarithm of woman-years at risk as an offset. We also examined whether the risk of suicide attempts changed before and after the abortion, adjusting for age, calendar year, socioeconomic status, and history of childbirth, mental health, parental mental health, and physical health. FINDINGS: Data on 523 280 women were included in this study. Of these, 48 990 (9·4%) women had a record of at least one first-trimester abortion, and 10 216 (2·0%) had a suicide attempt during the study period. Among 48 990 women who had an abortion, 1402 (2·9%) had a first suicide attempt after the first abortion. In our fully-adjusted model which adjusted for all covariates, the risk of first-time non-fatal suicide attempts was similar in the year before an abortion (IRR 2·46 [95% CI 2·22-2·72]) and the year after an abortion (IRR 2·54 [2·29-2·81], p=0·509) compared with women who had not had an abortion, and decreased with increasing time since the abortion (1-5 years IRR 1·90 [1·75-2·06]; ≥5 years IRR 1·73 [1·53-1·96]). INTERPRETATION: We found that women who had abortions had a higher risk of non-fatal suicide attempts compared with women who did not have an abortion. However, because the increased risk was the same both the year before and after the abortion, it is not attributable to the abortion. Thus, policies based on the notion that abortion increases women's risk of suicide attempts are misinformed. FUNDING: Society of Family Planning, American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, and The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research.

Current and past depressive symptoms and contraceptive effectiveness level method selected among women seeking reproductive health services.

RATIONALE: More thoroughly understanding the association between elevated depressive symptoms and effectiveness level of contraceptive method selected at a reproductive health visit could help women prevent unintended pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: This study examined how the association between both current and past depressive symptoms and effectiveness level of contraceptive method selected at a clinic visit varies by type of reproductive health visit. METHODS: Current and past depressive symptoms and contraceptive method selected were assessed among 1215 women aged 18-25 years seeking general reproductive health or abortion services at 40 community clinics throughout the United States. Using standard categories of effectiveness based on pregnancy rates during typical use, women's contraceptive method selected was coded as a low (e.g., no method, withdrawal, condoms), moderately (pill, patch, ring, or shot), or highly effective method (IUD, sterilization, implant). Depression status was divided into four categories: 1) no elevated depressive symptoms ever, 2) current elevated depressive symptoms only, 3) past elevated depressive symptoms only, and 4) past and current elevated depressive symptoms. Visit type, general reproductive health versus abortion care, was a moderator. The interaction effect between depressive symptoms and visit type on contraceptive method effectiveness level chosen was estimated with multinomial logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: In general reproductive health visits, having both elevated current and past depressive symptoms increased women's likelihood of choosing low versus moderately effective methods (RRR = 5.63, 95% CI = 2.31 to 13.71, p < .0005). In contrast, among abortion patients, only current elevated depressive symptoms were associated with choosing high versus moderate effectiveness methods (RRR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.86, p = .029). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that considering both women's current and past elevated depressive symptoms and the type of reproductive health visit may assist providers in helping women prevent unintended pregnancy.

Examining the Association of Antidepressant Prescriptions With First Abortion and First Childbirth.

Importance: The repercussions of abortion for mental health have been used to justify state policies that limit access to abortion in the United States. Much earlier research has relied on self-report of abortion or mental health conditions or on convenience samples. This study uses data that rely on neither. Objective: To examine whether first-trimester first abortion or first childbirth is associated with an increase in women's initiation of a first-time prescription for an antidepressant. Design, Setting, and Participants: This study linked data and identified a cohort of women from Danish population registries who were born in Denmark between January 1, 1980, and December 30, 1994. Overall, 396 397 women were included in this study; of these women, 30 834 had a first-trimester first abortion and 85 592 had a first childbirth. Main Outcomes and Measure: First-time antidepressant prescription redemptions were determined and used as indication of an episode of depression or anxiety, and incident rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated comparing women who had an abortion vs women who did not have an abortion and women who had a childbirth vs women who did not have a childbirth. Results: Of 396 397 women whose data were analyzed, 17 294 (4.4%) had a record of at least 1 first-trimester abortion and no children, 72 052 (18.2%) had at least 1 childbirth and no abortions, 13 540 (3.4%) had at least 1 abortion and 1 childbirth, and 293 511 (74.1%) had neither an abortion nor a childbirth. A total of 59 465 (15.0%) had a record of first antidepressant use. In the basic and fully adjusted models, relative to women who had not had an abortion, women who had a first abortion had a higher risk of first-time antidepressant use. However, the fully adjusted IRRs that compared women who had an abortion with women who did not have an abortion were not statistically different in the year before the abortion (IRR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.38-1.54) and the year after the abortion (IRR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.45-1.62) (P = .10) and decreased as time from the abortion increased (1-5 years: IRR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.19-1.29; >5 years: IRR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05-1.18). The fully adjusted IRRs that compared women who gave birth with women who did not give birth were lower in the year before childbirth (IRR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.43-0.50) compared with the year after childbirth (IRR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.88-0.98) (P < .001) and increased as time from the childbirth increased (1-5 years: IRR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.47-1.56; >5 years: IRR, 1.99; 95% CI, 1.91-2.09). Across all women in the sample, the strongest risk factors associated with antidepressant use in the fully adjusted model were having a previous psychiatric contact (IRR, 3.70; 95% CI, 3.62-3.78), having previously obtained an antianxiety medication (IRR, 3.03; 95% CI, 2.99-3.10), and having previously obtained antipsychotic medication (IRR, 1.88; 95% CI, 1.81-1.96). Conclusions and Relevance: Women who have abortions are more likely to use antidepressants compared with women who do not have abortions. However, additional aforementioned findings from this study support the conclusion that increased use of antidepressants is not attributable to having had an abortion but to differences in risk factors for depression. Thus, policies based on the notion that abortion harms women's mental health may be misinformed.

The effects of preabortion depressive symptoms on postabortion contraceptive effectiveness level chosen among women seeking abortions.

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether preabortion depressive symptoms were associated with contraceptive method effectiveness level chosen among women seeking abortions. STUDY DESIGN: Three-hundred and forty-seven young, low-income women 18 years or older who were seeking abortions at 3 community reproductive health clinics in Northern California were recruited to participate in a study on contraceptive decision making. We classified women into choosing low-, moderate- or high-effectiveness contraceptive methods based on typical-use failure rates. We used the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale to assess depressive symptoms as a continuous and dichotomous variable. Using the standard cutoff of 20, women who scored at or above this were considered depressed for the dichotomous measure. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine the association between preabortion depressive symptoms and contraceptive effectiveness level chosen to use after an abortion, adjusting for sociodemographics, abortion characteristics, pregnancy history, future pregnancy desires, relationship characteristics and adverse experiences. RESULTS: After adjusting for covariates, we found that a one-unit increase in depressive symptoms was associated with a higher likelihood of choosing low- versus moderate- [adjusted odd ratio (aOR)=1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.10, p<.02] and high-effectiveness methods (aOR=1.05, 95% CI: 1.002-1.10, p<.05). Furthermore, women scoring above the cutoff for depression were more likely to choose low- versus moderate-effectiveness methods (aOR=4.56, 95% CI: 1.27-16.32, p=.02). CONCLUSIONS: More preabortion depressive symptoms were independently associated with choosing low- versus moderate- and high-effectiveness contraceptives. IMPLICATIONS: These findings together with other findings show that preabortion depressive symptoms do not uniformly influence effectiveness level of contraceptive method selected to use after an abortion. Reproductive health care providers should consider the impact of women's psychological symptoms on their contraceptive decision making.

Abortion Stigma Among Low-Income Women Obtaining Abortions in Western Pennsylvania: A Qualitative Assessment.

CONTEXT: Abortion stigma may cause psychological distress in women who are considering having an abortion or have had one. This phenomenon has been relatively underexplored in low-income women, who may already be at an increased risk for poor abortion-related outcomes because of difficulties accessing timely and safe abortion services. METHODS: A qualitative study conducted between 2010 and 2013 used semistructured interviews to explore pregnancy intentions among low-income women recruited from six reproductive health clinics in Western Pennsylvania. Transcripts from interviews with 19 participants who were planning to terminate a pregnancy or had had an abortion in the last two weeks were examined through content analysis to identify the range of attitudes they encountered that could contribute to or reflect abortion stigma, the sources of these attitudes and women's responses to them. RESULTS: Women commonly reported that partners, family members and they themselves held antiabortion attitudes. Such attitudes communicated that abortion is morally reprehensible, a rejection of motherhood, rare and thus potentially deviant, detrimental to future fertility and an irresponsible choice. Women reacted to external and internal negative attitudes by distinguishing themselves from other women who obtain abortions, experiencing negative emotions, and concealing or delaying their abortions. CONCLUSIONS: Women's reactions to antiabortion attitudes may perpetuate abortion stigma. Further research is needed to inform interventions to address abortion stigma and improve women's abortion experiences.